Endnotes

1 I had no jewelry or other valuables.

2 11-foot-long, single-shot, jeep-mounted anti-tank weapon. Soldiers in tanks hit by their shells would be killed. Firing it in training probably caused hearing loss in my left year. Army did not issue hearing protection or warn of problems.

3 Photo by Siegfried Halus.

4 but he instead was making a general report that would allow the commander to discharge me as unsuitable if he wished.

5 One of 5-600 cards received in Dec. '66 & Jan '77. About 20 were smuggled out; the rest had to be left and destroyed.

6 Somehow it is for a dollar less than the one I had been given 20 minutes previously, when I had been released from the stockade.

7 Howard Bennett, Minnesota's first black judge, won a seat as the first black member elected to the Minneapolis school board in 1963; Albert Biderman, social scientist, author of book and papers on brainwashing techniques; Shellhase wrote The Group Life of the Schizophrenic Patient, 1961; and Bibliography of Army Social Work, 1962. He contributed articles on social and behavioral science to national and international professional journals, and wrote chapters for books. He received the Decorated Legion of Merit for his scientific achievement as the chief sociologist in the United States Army, the Bronze Star, and the Purple Heart; Phineas Indritz, also, founding member of NOW, was best known for representing the plaintiff in in front of the Supreme Court in 1948, alongside Charles Hamilton Houston. The case, which was decided along with Shelley v. Kraemer, resulted in the court ruling that race-based restrictive property covenants were unconstitutional, a significant civil rights ruling six years before the Brown v. Board of Education case.

8 Warren was the Chief Justice of the US 1953 to 1969; Col. Shelhase was also a Doctor of Social Work, and after his retirement became dean of social work at a state college and offered to help CCCO; Benjamin Ferencz, an attorney, was an investigator of Nazi war crimes after World War II and the Chief Prosecutor for the United States Army at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, one of the twelve military trials held by the U.S. authorities at Nuremberg, Germany. Later, he became an advocate of the establishment of an international rule of law and of an International Criminal Court. They worked as volunteers or for subsistence wages with colleges, churches, community centers or independent service agencies

9 Author in center with plaid shirt and sports jacket. The photo caption that we were "versed in ... loopholes" is not accurate. There weren't any loopholes as such: the regulations were public and fairly straightforward. We helped people learn the laws and regulations and how to exercise their rights. Cases decided in favor of potential draftees were virtually always the result of a draft board not following the law. Image: The New York Times, Dec. 6, 1970.

10 He also reports that a CCCO counselor discovered an Army regulation that can permit discharge "for the good of the service." In addition, he is trying to arrange for a volunteer to visit. I did not receive this letter, as Minton banned it. As with all letters reproduced in this section, I did not learn of its existence until I was back in Philadelphia.

11 I had not heard about this, only the possibility of it.

12 Young military lawyers like Goldstein were generally draftees who had been commissioned as officers in the Judge Advocate General’s Corps (JAG) because they were law school graduates. They might be assigned as defense counsel, as he was then, or as prosecutors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps_(United_States)

13 https://www.americanheritage.com/example-private-slovik

14 https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/law/crime-and-law-enforcement/desertion

15 Research Report 122, Characteristics Of Army Deserters In The DoD Special Discharge Review Program, D. Bruce Bell,U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, October 1979. https://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a078601.pdf

16 https://www.military.com/benefits/military-legal-matters/courts-martial-explained.html#:~:text=A%20courts%20martial%20is%20a,(NJP)%20is%20usually%20held

17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Bennett>

18 https://jpp.whs.mil/Public/docs/06-Public_Comment/dd_201408_BillofRights_ApplicationToCM_Sullivan.pdf

19 https://www.in.ng.mil/Portals/33/Resources/Troop_Resources/Office%20of%20the%20Staff%20Judge%20Advocate/PDFs/Article_15_Fact_Sheet.pdf?ver=2019-03-15-153028-603

20 “Men Against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command,” Washington, Infantry Journal, 1947

21 https://www.panshin.com/critics/Renshaw/notassmart/notassmart2.html

22 https://www.mybaseguide.com/army/90-258-16181/fort_knox_world_war_ii_prisoner_of_war_camp_established_at_fort_knox

23 https://www.a2z.org/wtarchive/docs/1953_Procedure_Of_JWs_Under_Selective_Service.pdf and https://watchtowerdocuments.org/documents/Memorandum%20To%20JW%20Concerned%20With%20The%20Draft.pdf

24 https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/9-things-you-should-know-about-military-chaplains

25 28U.S. Army, “The Army Guidance Program,” March 1, 1950, https://publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu/academics/research/policy-review/2009v2/why-does-us-military-have-chaplains.htm

26 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/18/opinion/racism-vietnam-war.html

27 https://articles.latimes.com/1991-02-09/news/mn-675_1_vietnam-war

28 https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a076712.pdf

29 https://www.prisontalk.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-3643.html

30 https://www.knox.army.mil/garrison/des/led.aspx

31 https://www.macdowellcolony.org/

32 CCCO, 1970, https://www.worldcat.org/title/advice-for-conscientious-objectors-in-the-armed-forces/oclc/22126968